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Worm gear efficiency is lower than spur/helical sets, usually 50–90%. Low efficiency means more heat and energy use. Understanding the factors helps selection and operation.
1. Number of starts and lead angle
More starts and a larger lead angle raise efficiency:
• Single-start: about 50–70%
• Double-start: about 70–85%
• Multi-start: higher, but self-locking disappears
Applications that need self-locking (e.g. lifting) must use single-start worms—lower efficiency is the trade-off.
2. Materials and heat treatment
A quenched and ground worm has low flank roughness and friction, so efficiency stays high. An unhardened worm runs rougher and efficiency drops. Tin-bronze wheels reduce friction better than aluminum bronze.
3. Lubrication
A stable oil film cuts friction. Starved or degraded oil lowers efficiency and adds heat. Oil-bath cooling beats grease for continuous-duty reducers.
4. Machining accuracy
Accurate tooth form and even contact pattern improve efficiency; poor contact increases sliding loss.
5. How to improve efficiency
• Prefer double/multi-start when self-locking is not required
• Quench and grind the worm; use tin bronze for the wheel
• Use the correct oil and change it on schedule
• Maintain accuracy and contact pattern
Xinmi recommends start count and material pairs that balance efficiency and self-locking for your duty.
